The Snake Goddess - 1440 Words

The Snake Goddess The Snake Goddess, a voluptuous, divine figure with bare breasts, and snakes in both hands, is one of the most well known female deity’s and faà ¯ence figurines in Minoan culture (Patron). The actual representation of the Snake Goddess is unknown; however, a majority of perceptions would all agree that the Snake Goddess is an important female deity in Minoan civilization. By analyzing the importance of symbolism, the role of women in Minoan civilization and The Snake Goddesses role in Minoan culture, it will become evident that The Snake Goddess plays a significant role in Minoan art, religion and society (Witcombe). Discovered in 1903, by British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, at The Temple Repositories, The Snake Goddess†¦show more content†¦Women acted as priestesses, made official decisions in and amongst the community, and were responsible for organizing commune functions (Witcombe 10). These responsibilities and duties were not often jobs of men in Minoan civilization, â€Å"Moreover men are rarely seen in commanding positions, despite attempts to identify them in such positions† (Witcombe 10). It is suggested that the reason why women played such a huge role in Minoan civilization was due to the fact that in Minoan religion they worshiped goddesses and they were greatly influenced by them. It is believed that The Snake Goddess was an important figure in Crete at this time, and was worshiped along side of the Huntress, and The Mountain Mother. Mainly focusing on The Snake Goddess she represented a strong, powerful female deity, who overall acted as an icon for women. The i nfluence The Snake Goddess had on women was substantial. Women became more than just members of the community, and gained a place in society. It was no longer a man’s world but a world run by women. Even ancient frescoes and other forms of Minoan artwork provide evidence of women being more vital than men, because depictions of women were more common than men (Witcombe 10). After examining women’s key roles in Minoan civilization it becomes apparent that The Snake Goddess influenced women in Crete in many different ways and played a significant part in Minoan civilization. Just likeShow MoreRelatedThe Acropolis Of Athens And Athens Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesMycenaean ages, the residents chose to live there because it was fairly easy to defend since they could see all of the land around it for miles. After centuries of living on the Acropolis, many buildings and structures relating to Athena, the Greek Goddess of wisdom, war, and craft, were designed to help protect the city. However, these complexes were demolished numerous times in the early 400’s BCE by the Persians. Once the Acropolis and the city of Athens were ruled by Pericles, it became the eminentRead MoreA Summary Of Coatlicue1329 Words   |  6 Pagesas dangerous to worship. Furthermore, the large amount of serpent imagery, while sacred to the Aztecs, was seen as devilish traits. After all, the snake was the animal that tricked humans to be ousted from Eden in Christian ideology. Compounded with the fact that Coatlicue showed references to human sacrifice, the Spanish saw the st atue of the goddess as devil-worship and a sign of paganism, as contrasted to what they thought as the superior religion of Christianity. However, just as the Aztecs conqueredRead MoreThe Legend of Medusa907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Legend of Medusa As we all probably know medusa started off as a beautiful girl with beautiful golden curly hair. And ended up like a hideous monster that had venomous snakes for hair and could turn any man to stone by just looking into their eyes. But do you know how that came to be? Do you know the story of medusa? Most legends how they are stories and not fact have been changed drastically. And now there are many different interpretations. I have shortened the list to 2 very different interpretationsRead MoreCauses Of Minoan Civilization993 Words   |  4 PagesMinoan’s are enigmatic people who worship one or more female deities called snake goddess. However, Sir Arthur Evans, a British archaeologist responsible for the first major excavation on Crete in the early twentieth century, and who also uncovered the Minoan palace identified images of the Cretan goddess as â€Å"Mountain goddess,† â€Å"Dove goddess,† Goddess of the Caves,† Goddess of the Double Axes,† Goddess of the Sports,† and Mother goddess,†. According to Sir Arthur Evans theory of Knossos and discovery, KnossosRead MoreThe Differences Between Religion And Economy1177 Words   |  5 Pages one of whom is larger than the others. 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Typically homes with cats had less sickness, and fewer deaths. But beyond these roles, cats were cherishedRead MoreWho Is More Moral: Hercules or Perseus918 Words   |  4 Pagesbrother, Iphicles, and they were 8 months old, Hera sent two giant snakes to attack Hercules, when Hercules’s brother saw the snaked he started crying, but Hercules grabbed both snakes and choked them with his bare hand and killed them. Iphicles was a normal human, conceived from Alcmene and her husband, but Hercules was a demi-god, from Zeus and Alcmene. Alcmene had difficulties in childbirth, myths say that Hera sent the goddess of childbirth to sit cross-legged in Alcmene’s room, to prevent herRead MoreZeus The man the Myth the Le gend1577 Words   |  7 Pagesof life, decide on its end and cut it. Zeus, in all his glory, was virtually powerless to their influence. His third wife, Evrynomi, was the sister of Mitis. She would give birth to the three Graces, beauty, gentleness, and friendship. Mnemosyne, goddess of memory, would give birth to the nine Muse (Stone 56). Finally, there was Hera. Hera would be the primary wife of Zeus throughout his reign as king of the gods. However, this did not suppress his unquenchable thirst for lust. Hera was the sisterRead MoreImportance Of Myths In Greek Myths941 Words   |  4 PagesGreek mythology is the myths and legends that the Greeks built their lives around. Hermes is the goddess of herds, flock, traveller, hospitality roads, trade and laws. He was born in a cave at dawn, and his mother wrapped him in swaddling wraps. Sirens were creatures that had a head of a woman and body if bird. Tiresias lived for seven to nine years, and in those years he lived as man and woman. Hermes, Sirens, and Tiresias are important in Greek mythology because they reveal the values of GreekRead MoreThe Statue Of Athena Parthenos1720 Words   |  7 Pagesto make the temple. At the temple, for the first time in history people were depicted as individuals. Every citizen played an important part in the making of the temple. In 5th century C.E, the temple was converted into a church. Athena is the goddess of wisdom and war. She is the daughter of Zeus and Metis. She was born in an interesting way. Zeus knew that if Metis had a son, there were chances the son would be stronger than him. So he tricked her into becoming a fly and he swallowed her to eliminate

Principles of Management - 2084 Words

Chapter 1: 1. Developing employee skills is a challenge in almost any environment. What type of skills needs to be mostly developed for EMAL trainees? * Technical skills. 2. Once those employees progress in their careers and get promoted, what kind of skills would be needed? * Human skills the most and less of technical and conceptual skills. 3. Go to the Emirates Aluminum Website at www.emal.ae. What can you tell about the company’s emphasis on people and their careers? How does the company emphasize the hiring of local, in addition to international, talents? * The company takes a special care of its employees and makes a lot of effort to improve their human powers by training. The company focuses on†¦show more content†¦How do you think new employees â€Å"learn† the culture? * The happiest people in this culture would be those employees who like serving the clients of this organization. The new employees can learn this culture by watching their colleges at work doing the job, or by special training. 4. What could other organizations learn from the Ritz-Carlton about the importance of organizational culture? * Other organizations can learn from Ritz how to keep the same high quality of outcomes and also maintaining the freedom and the happiness the employee has. Chapter 4: 1. Do you think the example of Maktoob can be repeated in the Arab world? Can locally grown companies become attractive to global industry giants or was Maktoob exception? * Yes, I think the example of Maktoob can be repeated because there are a lot of other local companies who I think other international companies will be interested to work with Arabs. 2. What does it take, in your opinion, for the Arab employees to join the global work community? What skills and traits need to be developed? * To join the global work community Arab employees need to reach a high level of skill to be able to work with the international pressure. He skills that employees need to achieve to go globally are their working skills and the ability to communicate and understand other cultures. 3. Do some research on Yahoo’s acquisition of Maktoob. What lessons can beShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. 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Contract Law †Intention to Oontract Free Essays

Contract Law 1 Intention to Create Legal Relations In order for a contract to be valid there must be intention to create legal relations. Enright notes ‘the requirement of intention to create legal relations is a final doorkeeper in contract. It determines which agreements supported by consideration shall be covered by contract law and which shall merely be morally binding. We will write a custom essay sample on Contract Law – Intention to Oontract or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ This requirement was expressly stated for the first time in Heilbut, Symons Co V Buckleton. Friel notes that important as there are a great many agreements and arrangements that, though possessing many of the characteristics of contract, probably are not intended to attract legal consequences. Intention to be legally bound operates on the basis of presumptions. The test for intention is objective. The court will impute intention to create legal relations to the parties on the basis on external factors rather than on the workings of the parties’ minds. Intention and Presumptions There are two presumptions in this area: 1. There is a presumption that agreements between family members or friends are not intended to be legally binding. 2. There is a presumption that agreements which are made in a commercial context are intended to be legally binding. Social and Domestic Arrangements A close family of social relationship raises a presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The seminal case, Balfour V Balfour involved maintenance payments to be sent home to his wife while he was working abroad. The court held that agreements between husband and wife are not intended to be legally binding. The closer the blood relationship the more readily the presumption will be raised and the more distant the degree of blood relationship, the more likely the courts will infer an intention to be legally binding. This can be seen in Simpkins V Pays where an informal agreement between a landlord and his lodger, to enter into a weekly competition, held lodger entitled to share of winnings, despite landlord’s evidence that there was no intention to be legally bound. Rogers V Smith shows the same principal in Balfour V Balfour applied to other family relationships. It was held in this case that the agreement between a mother nd her son did not attract legal relations. Likewise in Mckay V Jones where a nephew had worked on his uncle’s farm for some years without payment, claimed that the uncle had promised to the farm when he died. Deale J. Ruled that it was nothing more than a statement of intention or wish by the deceased†¦.. no promise was made as the agreement was bet ween family members. In contrast to this case is McCarron V McCarron where a child worked without reward for 16 years. The child was said to have lost out more in McCarron and therefore had a greater detriment or reliance on the compensation promised. The dates between this cases may explain the different points of view. In Leahy V Rawson found that an agreement between her non-marital partner’s brother, did not attract the presumption as it only applies to the closest family kinships, such as parent and child and spouses. The courts also held the same principal in social arrangements as was shown in Hadley V Kemp. In this case the court raised the presumption that an agreement as to the sharing of songwriter’s loyalties with other members of his band (Spandau Ballet) was not intended to create legal relations. Enright notes that a degree of intimacy is required between the parties in order to raise the presumption. The issue is not of status but closeness. We can contrast Balfour with Merritt V Merritt. As in Balfour, the parties were husband and wife and the agreement concerned an allowance, yet, in Merritt, the court chose to enforce the agreement. Merritt is distinguished however, on the grounds that the husband and wife were separated, so they were not in a close relationship any longer and so the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations could not be raise. For the same reason, and as it appears in Courtney V Courtney, a separation agreement will not attract the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. It is the parties’ relationship at the time of contracting which matters. That is clear from the mother-daughter case of Jones V Padavatton. In this case, the mother agreed to maintain her daughter if she came home and studied for the Bar. Over time their relationship broke down but the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations stood because of their close relationship at the time. Rebutting the Presumption There is some authority to the effect that the courts are more likely to find that the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations has been rebutted where one party has relied on the agreement. This is seen in Parker V Clarke, involved two couples who were close friends. The Clarks told the Parkers if they sold their cottage they could move in with them, that the Clarks would leave some of their considerable estate to the Parkers on his death. Sometime after the couple moved in they fell out and the Parkers were forced to move out. They sued the Clarks for breach of contract. Because of the parties close relationship at the time of contracting, the presumption was that it was not intended to be legally binding. However, the court found that the Parkers’ detrimental reliance on the agreement in leaving their home was a factor strong enough to rebut the presumption, and intention to create legal relations was thereby found. The party alleging that a family agreement was intended to be legally binding bears the onus of rebutting the presumption that it was not so intended. It is significant that in a family agreement was made in a business context. So, for example, an agreement made in connection with a family business, such as that between brothers, directors of the company in Snelling V John G Snelling Ltd, is unlikely to fall foul of the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The words used by the parties in setting out their agreement and, in particular, the level of certainty attaching to the agreement were also important. The fact that the parties have taken time to set out their agreement with formality and precision suggests that they intended it to be legally bound. On the other hand, where an agreement is expressed in vague terms, it tends to suggest that the parties did not intend to create a legally binding agreement. This is clear from Vaughan V Vaughan. This case concerned a couple who were no longer living in amity. They had agreed that the wife could stay in the matrimonial home. However, they had not decided how long she could stay for, or on what terms. Accordingly, their agreement was so vague in its essentials that the Court could not confer intention to create legal intentions in it. Commercial Agreements Commercial agreements raise the presumption that intention to create legal relations is present. It is difficult to rebut this assumption. The burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden, according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one. Vagueness on the essential terms of the contract tends to suggest an absence of intention to create legal relations. For example, the courts will rarely be able to find intention to create legal relations in so-called sales puffs. Thus, in Lambert V Lewis, no contract arose from a manufacturer’s statement that his product was ‘foolproof’ and ‘required no maintenance’ because his statements were ‘not intended to be, nor were they, acted on as being express warranties’. A lot depends on the facts of the case at hand. In Esso Petroleum V Commissioner of Customs and Excise, a binding contract was deemed to arise from a transaction in which football tokens were offered to anyone who purchased four gallons of the plaintiff’s petrol. According to Lord Simon ‘†¦. the whole transaction took place in a setting of business relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, the purpose of the offer being commercial: Esso wanted the public to buy its petrol. Rebutting the Presumption Cadbury Ireland Ltd V Kerry Co-Op shows how a number of factors can operate to rebut the presumption of intention to create legal relations. In this case, a clause held not intended to be legally binding despite its solemnity: it was an argument to draw up a detailed agreement, but could not be relied upon itself. Even in a commercial context, the presumption in favour of the intention to create legal relations can be dispatched by a very clear expression of lack of intention. A classic example of this is in Rose and Frank Co V Crompton Bros. In this case, the parties had agreed that the plaintiff would be permitted to distribute the defendants’ goods in the US. The agreement however contained an ‘honourable pledge clause’. The court held that the agreement could not be enforced because of this clause. The court also found the wording precise enough to rebut the presumption in Jones V Vernon’s Pools Ltd. Collective Agreements Where a trade union negotiates an agreement with an employer on behalf of its members, does this agreement attract the presumption of intention to create legal relations? In the English case of Ford Motor Co Ltd V Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers, it is said that the presumption in relation to collective agreements is that they are not made with the intention to create legal relations. However, Irish Law takes a contrary view, tending to favour the enforcement of collective agreements via contract. So in Ardmore Studios V Lynch, it was suggested that a collective agreement which is set out in a clear specific manner will take legal effect. The Supreme Court took up this thread in Goulding Chemicals V Bolger. For the purposes of Irish Law, it seems safe to say that collective agreements can be enforced in the same manner as any other commercial agreement and attract the presumption that the intention of legal relations is present. In O’Rourke V Talbot Ireland, Barrington J treated a collective agreement as a commercial agreement. Similarly, in King V Aer Lingus the Supreme Court took the view that some of the commitments given by Aer Lingus to its employees as part of a collective agreement were binding. A problem that continues to afflict collective agreements, however, is their characteristically vague language – the majority of collective agreements will be void for uncertainty. Letters of Intent V Letters of Comfort Enright notes that a letter of comfort is a document designed to reassure the person to whom it is provided about certain matters while stopping short of making any binding promise. A good example of the effects of a letter of comfort arose in Kleinwort Benson V Malaysia Mining Corp. Bhd. In this case, the plaintiff bank had agreed to lend money to the subsidiary of the Malaysia Mining Corporation. In the course of negotiations for the loan, the bank received a letter of comfort stating that: ‘it is policy to ensure that the business of our subsidiary is at all times in a position to meet its liabilities to you under the above arrangements. ’ Despite this reassurance, the Court of Appeal concluded that this statement did not bind the defendant. The letter was not, in fact, purporting a binding promise. It was simply stating that company’s policy, a policy that might be changed or adjusted in response to novel circumstances. It is important to note, however, that there is no concrete rule precluding a letter of comfort from giving rise to legal relations. Whether or not such letters creates a legally binding promise is a matter to to be discerned primarily from the language used. The simple fact that the words ‘letter of comfort’ have been used, while evidently relevant, may not conclusively prevent the agreement rom having legal implications. There is a lot of uncertainty in this area as in seen in the case of Wilson Smithett Cape (Sugar) Ltd V Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation. A letter of intent, in contrast to a comfort letter, is one in which a person or company seeks to induce another entity to undertake work to incur expenditure, while denying or limiting liability to that other ent ity, often by insisting that liability turned on concluding a formal contract at a later date. In AC Controls Ltd V BBC, the court summarised the principals in relation to letters on intent. The general principal on letters of intent that seek to authorise work, materials or services pending the conclusion of a later contract is that such letters will be viewed as contracts in themselves as long as objective is present. In ERDC Group Ltd V Brunel University, the Court held that the work done prior to September had all been on the authority as set out in the series of Letters of Intent. The judge thought that the usual requirements for a contract were all there (intention to create a legal relationship, certainty, etc) and had all been there until 1 September. He therefore found that there had been a contract until then. Accordingly, ERDC was to be paid on the basis specified in the letters – the JCT rules. Conclusion It is contended that the requirement of intention to create legal intentions largely makes sense. Social and domestic agreements have the presumption as not having intention to create legal relations as there is a belief that such formalities are not required in this type of relationship. Enright notes that there are two reasons why this is employed. Firstly, if the rule were that social and domestic agreements were always legally binding, the courts might be flooded with petty disputes and the second is because it is felt that people should have the freedom to make certain types of private, personal agreements without drawing the interference of the law into their lives. It is also understood that Commercial Agreements are correct as they do have the intention to create legal relations as there is the acceptance that such formalities should be required in this type of relationship. The ways to rebut this assumption also makes sense as it can be rebutted if the essential terms of the contract are vague or if the party seeking to deny it can prove that there was no intention. Enright notes the burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one. How to cite Contract Law – Intention to Oontract, Essays